Jackie Parr, BScH, DVM, MSc, DACVN

One of the big questions that veterinary teams have been getting from pet parents during the COVID-19 pandemic is, “How much pet food should I have on hand?” Given the current state of this global pandemic, this is definitely not a question that we should take lightly. We have all seen what happens when people panic buy essential items like toilet paper. Although I’ll admit, the onslaught of memes with cats destroying financial investments (aka toilet paper) did provide a bit of humor during these trying times.  

What drives panic buying? 

Panic buying is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as the act of buying large quantities of a particular product due to the sudden fear of a forthcoming shortage (1). The keyword here being fear. I get that people are panic buying because they are scared and I realize there is a lot of uncertainty right now that is driving people’s fear. My goal is to provide some common-sense information to help calm this fear.

Has panic buying of pet food been occurring in the United States? 

The short answer is “yes.” In fact, Dr. Tim Schell, Director of the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Center of Veterinary Medicine (CVM) Office of Surveillance and Compliance, has urged pet parents not to panic-buy pet food, reminding pet parents that most bags of dry pet food last at least a few weeks (2). This critical story was reported by PetFoodIndustry.com and quotes Dr. Schell as stating, “There are no actual pet food shortages due to the COVID-19 crisis, just current unprecedented demand” (2). 

Second, Pet Food Processing® conducted a survey of pet food manufacturers at the beginning of April and 63% of the manufacturers surveyed had experienced an increase in sales (3). It is unclear how many manufacturers were surveyed and if the survey was conducted across the US or if a smaller geographical area was surveyed; however, there is a least a trend that pet food sales increased with the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Third, Forbes covered a story in early April on Chewy, one of the largest online pet product retailers, stating Chewy expects first-quarter sales to be up 35% over the first quarter of 2019 (4), keeping in mind that Chewy sells much more than just pet food.

How much pet food should you have on hand? 

Pet parents should have a minimum of 14-days of pet food on hand for each one of their pets during this time. The reason for recommending 14-days minimum is that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend individuals with symptoms of COVID-19 who have not been able to be tested remain isolated at home (i.e. self-isolation) until at least 7-days have passed since symptoms first appeared AND no fever has been detected for at least 72-hours (i.e. a full 3-days of no fever without the use of medicine that reduces fevers) (5). Having 14-days of pet food on hand will provide sufficient buffer if pet parents become ill from COVID-19. 

For more information please visit the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/index.html. 

[Canadian veterinary teams: Please check out Dr. Parr’s video with recommendations for Canadian pet parents based on the Canadian Government’s recommendations.]

Why should pet parents avoid panic buying pet food? 

There are a couple of really good reasons to avoid panic buying large amounts of pet food:

Best-Before-Dates: Pet parents run the risk that pet foods pass the best-before-date prior to having a chance to feed it to their pets. Pet stores and veterinary clinics will not be able to accept returns if the product is past its best-before-date. Additionally, pet foods that have passed the best-before-date are not ideal for donation. The last thing we want during this time is food waste. 

Nutrient Losses: Some vitamins that are essential for pets to get from their diet(s) every day degrade overtime. Pet food manufacturers must account for this vitamin loss when they formulate diets to ensure there will still be appropriate levels of vitamins in the diet if the food is fed right at the best-before-date. For example, a study showed more than 20% of the thiamine (Vitamin B1), riboflavin (Vitamin B2), and niacin (Vitamin B3) were lost from dry dog and cat foods after 18-months, which coincides to the standard best-before-date for many dry pet foods (6). Similarly, more than 30% of the riboflavin and niacin from canned cat foods and 18% of the niacin from canned dog foods was lost after 18-months of storage (6). 

Other nutrients start to degrade the longer the bag of food is open and exposed to oxygen. As an example, essential fatty acids (aka polyunsaturated fatty acids) become oxidized when they are exposed to oxygen, which results in these fats becoming rancid (7). This process is slowed down greatly when pet food manufacturers add antioxidants, such as mixed tocopherols (i.e. a mixture of vitamin E in different forms), and oxygen scavengers, like ascorbic acid (i.e. Vitamin C) to pet foods (8). In general, avoid feeding pet food past the best-before-date as amounts of different nutrients in the diet could be lower than needed.

Freshness and Palatability: If you have a cat or a small- or medium-sized dog, these pets do not need huge amounts of food, so stick with the smallest available bags of food for these smaller pets, instead of stockpiling large bags of food. If you buy a bag of food that is intended for a large dog for a Yorkie or Chihuahua, the bag of food will likely become stale before these small dogs finish it. 

Many of us have experienced a pet running to check out a new bag of food when it is first opened. This is because the food is fresh and the aromas are the strongest when the bag is first opened. Aroma (i.e. smell) is one of the most important factors for dogs and cats when it comes to how appealing their food is (9, 10). This is not surprising given that a dog’s sense of smell is extremely sensitive (i.e. a million times more sensitive for some compounds) compared to a human’s sense of smell (9). Likewise, a cat’s sense of smell is much more sensitive than a human’s even if it is not quite as sensitive as a dog’s sense of smell (10). As a rule of thumb, a bag of pet food should last about a month once it has been opened and air should be pushed out of the bag before sealing the bag after each use.

The Most Important Reason: And the most important reason to avoid panic buying pet food is that we are all in this together. As a society, we want to ensure all cats and dogs have access to pet food during this difficult time. This doesn’t just apply to cats and dogs living with families. It also applies to cats and dogs living in shelters or rescues and even working animals (e.g. police dogs). 

Our call to action to all pet parents should be to make sure they have 14-days of pet food on hand for each of their pets and to avoid purchasing excessive amounts of pet food. We all need to support each other during this difficult time.

Sincerely, The Kibble Queen^TM

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of the DrAndyRoark.com editorial team.

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There is an epidemic going on. It’s an epidemic of high caloric proportions. Holidays are often a time where food is seen as love and the number of calories being given to our beloved dogs can skyrocket. Unfortunately, holiday calories (yes, even Valentine’s) do count for our pups – as much as we wish they didn’t.

The most recent survey conducted by the Association for the Prevention of Pet Obesity, showed over 50 percent of dogs in the U.S. are either overweight or obese. And unfortunately, based on research conducted through the University of Liverpool, most pet parents of overweight or obese dogs are unaware that their dogs are afflicted.

So why do we care? Shouldn’t our dogs be allowed to be “fat and happy”? We care so greatly because a lifetime study in dogs revealed that being just slightly overweight shortens a dog’s life by approximately TWO YEARS when compared to lean (ideal body weight) dogs. TWO YEARS! And everyone wants more good quality time with their beloved dogs.

So let’s focus on how to love our dogs this holiday season without the calories!

10. Toys, toys, toys!

Who doesn’t want to wake up to a new squeaky toy on Christmas morning? And if your pup is anything like my toy-passionate (OK toy-obsessed) Boston terrier they will get right down to making “improvements” on their toys. Okay, let’s face it, they often turn into saliva-encrusted pelts… but it’s a lot of fun!

Of course, the key is to make sure your pup is supervised while playing with any toys. The last thing anyone wants the day after the holidays is a trip to the veterinary clinic because a piece of a toy was ingested.

9. Comfy sleeping places

New bedding and blankets are a great way to keep your pup comfy during those cold winter months. My dog has more sleeping places around my home than she knows what to do with, but that way I know she can always curl up for a nap beside me (and I’m only slightly envious…). Bedding doesn’t last forever, so the holidays are a great time make some upgrades!

8. Outdoor gear for outdoor adventures

If you live in a colder climate like my pup and I, outdoor gear is a must for winter activities. I live in Ontario, Canada, so my Boston terrier requires a doggie onesie to survive the cold winter months. Yes, literally boots attached to a full body coat (aka doggie onesie). It keeps her warm and keeps the salt and sand out of her paws on our outdoor adventures.

7. Seat belts for car rides

Have a dog that loves care rides? My little Boston terrier rides shotgun (so if you ever need a ride, be prepared to sit in the back). Why not invest in a doggie seat belt to keep your pup safe and secure during car rides?

6. Grooming

No matter the breed, grooming is essential! A new brush, a new set of nail clippers, a gift certificate for a “spa day” with the local groomer, are all ways to help our pups feel their best!

Bear in mind, if your pup has any medical conditions (especially skin conditions) or becomes easily stressed during grooming, be sure to chat with your veterinarians about the best options for you and your pup.

5. Training

Want to teach an old dog new tricks? Have a new pup that is in need of a manners class? Investing in a training program that uses positive reinforcement techniques can be a great way for you and your pet to bond over the upcoming months. And remember that using your dog’s dry food during training sessions is a great way to have your pup work for their meals. And it avoids too many extra calories or an upset stomach from too many treats or people foods!

4. Food puzzles and kibble dispensing toys

One of my favorite sayings that I teach to veterinary students is, “If a dog is working for their current meal, they aren’t begging for their next meal.” Working for meals not only provides mental stimulation, it also makes the meals last longer. This is a great way to ensure the right amount of calories lasts as long as possible, especially if you have a Labrador that can eat their entire meal in 30 seconds (and then starts begging for more)!

I never feed my pup from a bowl (#BanTheBowl). Bowls are only used for water in my house. I have variety of puzzle feeders and kibble dispensing toys that I rotate through so that her three meals a day are always a source of activity. Okay, it’s not just variety, I basically have a pet store worth of different feeders at my house, but it is so much fun to watch her work and figure them out, that I invest in puzzle feeders regularly.

3. A gram scale

Believe it or not, measuring cups (even those designed for pet foods) are incredibly inaccurate. Dr. Alex German, a board-certified small animal internal medicine specialist, and colleagues, conducted a number of studies using measuring cups and published the results in 2010. Accuracy ranged from an 18% under-estimate to an 80% over-estimate in portion size! Yes, over-estimated by up to 80%!!! One more time! Over-estimated by up to 80%!!!

So what’s the solution? A gram scale (aka a digital kitchen scale) is the most accurate way to measure your pup’s food. These scales are inexpensive and can be easily purchased online. This may seem like a daunting transition at first, but it becomes so easy with a little practice. I have a good friend and her 4-year old daughter helps with all the gram scale measurements for their family dogs each morning, so it is definitely a skill that anyone can learn. The key is to measure all the food for the day in the morning and then dole it out over small meals throughout the day.

Work with your veterinary team to determine the number of calories your pup needs each day to maintain a healthy weight. This number of calories can then easily be converted to a number of grams per day. For more information on gram scales, check out my blog on #BanTheCup!

2. Pet insurance

I am a firm believer in pet insurance. As a veterinarian, I never want to have to make a decision for my beloved pup based on money. I always want to make my decisions for her health based on her quality of life. Pet insurance allows me to do just that. Investing in pet insurance or setting up a bank account for your pup for unexpected expenses are great ways ensure you can always provide the best care for your pup.

1. Quality time

Honesty the best way to show your pup just how much you love them is to spend time with them. So curl up on the couch or in front of the fireplace together. Spend a few extra minutes giving a bum scratch or a belly rub. Spending a few quite minutes with your pup could also do wonders for your holiday stress!

So be sure to love your dog this holiday season, just do it without the extra calories!

Sincerely,

The Kibble Queen

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of the DrAndyRoark.com editorial team.

Poor Hershey is having a rough weekend and, as a result, your own weekend is about to get a lot more interesting. There is a stench coming from his exam room that promises to clear out your clinic’s waiting area. He’s already managed to create a Jackson Pollock painting on the exam room wall using his very own Hershey squirts.

His mom is beside herself and your most compassionate technician tries to comfort her while cleaning the freshly painted wall mural. Hershey is a 2-year-old chocolate lab with a penchant for waste disposal management (i.e. his mom puts waste in a “pet-safe” garbage canister and he MANAGES IT like a boss). The tenacity for his work would be endearing if his poor mom’s bank account wasn’t so drained from treating the explosive diarrhea that comes with Hershey’s dedication to his day job.

Typically when Hershey presents, a physical exam, in-house blood work, and x-rays are performed. His mom has been lucky so far and he has always managed to pass whatever he has ingested (food wrappers and a few chicken bones.) In the past, he has responded well to medical management including the recommendation to feed a “bland diet.” His mom typically cooks him some boneless, skinless chicken breast and makes some white rice in her rice cooker for him for about a week and then starts to transition him back to his dry food.

What’s the big deal? Chicken and rice won’t hurt . . .

Chicken and rice is not complete and balanced. For many dogs with sudden onset, uncomplicated diarrhea it won’t be harmful to feed chicken and rice for a few days, BUT we can offer so much more to help the pet’s GI tract heal. Just like any other cell in the body, the cells of the GI tract need nutrients to heal and function optimally. This is why “bowel rest”- i.e. fasting the gut- is no longer recommended.

Just how nutrient deficient is chicken and rice?

Feeding only cooked, boneless, skinless chicken breast and cooked, long-grain, white rice is deficient in many nutrients. Even if we add corn oil to supply energy and linoleic fatty acid (an essential omega-6 fatty acid for dogs), this combination of ingredients is deficient in 17 nutrients for adult dogs. Yes, I said 17 nutrients!

Which ones you ask? Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, riboflavin, Vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, magnesium, copper, iodine, iron, selenium, zinc, and choline.¹

Keep in mind, dogs don’t store water-soluble vitamins like riboflavin, so they need to be part of the diet. And more importantly, riboflavin is needed for metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins. This is just one example of why vitamins are kind of a BIG DEAL!

Dogs with diarrhea can also lose electrolytes like potassium from their GI tracts, so it becomes important to replenish potassium through either the diet or fluids. This is just another way a complete and balanced diet offers so much more to patients with sudden onset, uncomplicated diarrhea!

What about fibre?

The other concern with feeding chicken and rice is the lack of dietary fibre (ed note: this is how Canadians like Dr. Parr spell fiber, so no need to email us). Fibre is amazing! Especially for dogs with large bowel diarrhea (i.e. colitis). In 100 grams of cooked, long-grain, white rice there is under 1 gram of fibre!²

Adding fibre can help provide form to the stools so the pet can go from Hershey squirts to stools the owner can actually pooper scoop. It can also help regulate the movement of the gut. Additionally, some fibres can be fermented by the bugs in the GI tract (i.e. the microbiome) to produce energy for the cells of the GI tract. Feeding the cells of the gut is a good thing.

Now there is also a time and place for highly digestible (i.e. lower fibre diets) when dogs have diarrhea, so determining if there are any complicating factors (e.g. a growing puppy, a dog with pancreatitis or malabsorptive small intestinal disease, etc.) and if it is small, large, or mixed bowel diarrhea is a good place to start. For an extensive review on fibre, check out the American College of Veterinary Nutrition (ACVN) Nutrition Notes from Today’s Veterinary Practice!

What else could go wrong with chicken and rice?

When pet owners feed an unbalanced homemade diet, like chicken and rice, they often underfeed. While this may not be a concern if done for a day or two when the dog has an ideal body condition, keeping a dog with GI upset in negative energy balance for more than three days is not going to be in the best interests of the pet.

To put this into perspective, a 60 lbs. (27 kg) adult Lab, like Hershey, would needs between 1085-1335 kcal/day to meet his daily energy needs. If we aim for 1335 kcal/day, this means his mom would need to provide approximately 515 grams of cooked, long-grain, white rice² and 405 grams of cooked, boneless, skinless chicken breast³ to meet his energy needs.⁴ That’s almost a kilogram of food to make daily!

What can be done to help Hershey?

Ideally Hershey, and other dogs with sudden onset, uncomplicated⁵ diarrhea should receive a complete and balanced diet and the type and amount of fibre in the diet should be carefully considered. Hershey’s mom can focus on small, frequent meals (typically 3-4 per day) and make sure Hershey has ample opportunity to go to the bathroom after meals. Also, Hershey should not be receiving any other foods. Consistency will be key for helping his GI tract settle down.

As far as monitoring goes, you can provide Hershey’s mom with a fecal scoring chart, aka a poop chart, to have her track his progress. Each day she can record his fecal scores and the number of bowel movements he has. This will help you assess the progress Hershey is making.

Once Hershey’s stools have returned to normal, his mom can gradually transition him back to a complete and balanced adult maintenance diet over 7-14 days. And of course together you will need a plan to keep Hershey from making “garbage disposal” his day job!

Until next time! Keep it balanced and keep it factual!

Sincerely,

The Kibble Queen

1. Nutritional analysis performed using software provided by www.BalanceIT.com; 2. USDA Nutrient Database: 20445, Rice, white, long-grain, regular, unenriched, cooked without salt; 3. USDA Nutrient Database: 05064, Chicken, broilers or fryers, breast, meat only, cooked, roasted; 4. Calculations performed using a 50:50 mixture of chicken and white rice; 5. Uncomplicated by conditions such as pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, food allergies, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, etc. that would require further nutritional assessment.

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of the DrAndyRoark.com editorial team.

Before scrolling down and reading the blog below (where you will discover many truths about gluten), I want you to take a few moments to think about what exactly gluten is.

I’m not asking you to think about what foods contain gluten. I’m also not asking you to think about what symptoms are caused in some people when they eat gluten. I just want to know, what the heck is gluten?    

So what the heck is gluten?  

Gluten is a fancy word for protein coming from grains like wheat, barley, and rye. You heard that right! It’s protein. In fact, gluten is made up of two smaller proteins named gliadin and glutenin.¹ It’s actually the gliadin that appears to be the culprit that causes so much trouble for people with Celiac disease.

What about corn? Does it have gluten?

You will come across many reputable human medical websites listing corn as a “gluten-free” food. To the contrary, pet food ingredient lists will refer to the protein coming from corn as “corn gluten meal”. Confusing, I know! Let me break it down for you.

The protein in corn is not the same as the gluten found in wheat, barley, and rye.² So people with Celiac disease are free to enjoy corn on the cob!   

Fun fact: Corn gluten meal in pet food is a great source of nutrition because it contains amino acids that are required by both dogs and cats (e.g. methionine and leucine).

Why do some people need to avoid gluten like it’s the plague?

When people diagnosed with Celiac disease ingest even the tiniest amount of gluten (e.g. a crumb left on the butter dish after using a knife, baked on flour in the corners of muffin tins, teeny crumbs left in the toaster oven, etc.) this causes inflammation in their gut and has disastrous consequences.

The gut, specifically the small intestine, becomes damaged and unable to properly absorb nutrients from food, including vitamins and minerals.⁵ As a result, people with untreated Celiac disease commonly have chronic diarrhea, anemia, weight loss, fatigue, and other autoimmune diseases.

Is there a cure for people with Celiac disease?

There is no cure.1 The only treatment for people with Celiac disease is to avoid gluten for the rest of their lives, which is much easier said than done! Want to know how incredibly challenging it is to avoid gluten? Check out this list from the Celiac Disease Foundation. 

Gluten can even be found in medications and supplements. Also, foods that do not normally contain gluten, can become cross-contaminated with gluten (e.g. a pizzeria using the same pans for wheat-based and gluten-free crusts).⁴

How is Celiac disease diagnosed in people?

Right now the gold standard for diagnosing Celiac disease is to take biopsies of the small intestine.^1,3 I’ll be honest, when my own biopsies came back negative I was beyond relieved. I was relieved to the point that I began confessing my love for gluten to my doctor. . .  actually all things made with gluten (mmmmm pizza crust).

This also meant I did not have to replace everything in my kitchen that had been exposed to gluten countless times (major cross-contamination!).

A word of empathy:

Celiac disease is a really crappy autoimmune disease and I empathize with anyone dealing with it! I can also completely understand not wanting to have a gluten-containing pet food in your home as this would increase your risk of exposure.

Unfortunately, cross-contamination also occurs in pet foods during ingredient storage and the manufacturing process. This means that foods that do not contain gluten sources on the ingredient list may actually have traces of gluten if they were made in the same machines as foods containing wheat, barley, and/or rye.

Important Point: Over the counter foods that say “no wheat” or “gluten-free” could be cross-contaminated with gluten. My resident-mate conducted a very small study on over-the-counter pet foods with “no soy” claims and 75% of the diets contained soy proteins. In fact, two of the diets were over the highest limit of detection! She speculated this was due to accidental cross-contamination and that the soy proteins were not added on purpose to these “no soy” diets.

In my opinion, the only way to ensure a pet food does not contain gluten and does not become cross-contaminated with gluten is to:

• Feed a veterinary therapeutic diet:
  1. Intended to treat food allergic pets (e.g. a hydrolyzed protein diet), AND  
  2. Does not have wheat, barley, and/or rye on the ingredient list, AND
  3. Hand washing occurs prior to feeding (i.e. you ate whole wheat toast prior to feeding your pet breakfast so you must wash your hands thoroughly), AND
  4. Food is stored in the original package (i.e. not dumped into a plastic container with residues from prior pet foods), AND
  5. New metal bowls and metal scoops are purchased when starting the food (i.e. old plastic bowls or food scoops will have residues from prior pet foods).

In order to make these highly specialized veterinary therapeutic diets all manufacturing must stop and the machines must be cleaned from top to bottom to get rid of any potential for any cross-contamination.

The machines, ingredients used to make the food, and the finished products also need to be tested to ensure they are free of cross-contamination (e.g. DNA testing is one example). Some of these specialized diets come with matching treats that undergo the same process. Speak with your veterinarian for more info!

What about gluten sensitivity in people?

Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS) is a hot topic! According to the Canadian Celiac Association, “a lot remains unknown about NCGS”. Interestingly people who were originally diagnosed with NCGS may have been reacting to the fermentable fibres in wheat called FODMAPs, not gluten.¹ 

Basically the bacteria in the gut ferment these fibres, which leads to flatulence, bloating, cramping, and diarrhea. For more info on FODMAPs and the foods that contain FODMAPs (e.g. beans, wheat, dairy, etc.) check out Harvard Medical School’s summary. Hopefully more research will sort this out!  

Do dogs and cats get Celiac disease like people do?

No. Fortunately, no. I’ve spent a lot of time searching for scientific articles on PubMed for both “gluten” and “cats” and all I came across was an old review paper on GI disease that talks about feeding “gluten-free” diets in pets with chronic diarrhea; however, this review contains outdated information as it also discusses “bowel rest” (i.e. fasting), which is no longer recommended because it deprives the gut of nutrition needed to heal.  

What gluten-related diseases exist in dogs?

Gluten Sensitive Enteropathy in Irish Setters: This disease has only been documented in a few lines of Irish Setters and is extremely uncommon. It was first noted in England in the 1980’s. Affected dogs show some similar signs to Celiac disease in humans (e.g. chronic diarrhea); however, the disease is not the exact same as Celiac disease in people. Typically puppies are affected by 6 months of age, have a “wasted appearance”, and do not grow normally.¹⁰ Fortunately, many of the affected Irish Setters eventually outgrew the disease if they were properly managed.¹⁰ People don’t outgrow Celiac disease.

Epileptoid Cramping Syndrome in Border Terriers: This is a movement disorder in Border Terriers (e.g. involuntary tremors). There was one small study conducted in six Border Terriers that responded (i.e. specific antibodies to gliadin in the blood decreased) when fed a strict “gluten-free diet” (unfortunately the diets were not listed in the study). After the study, two dogs were “unwittingly re‐introduced gluten‐containing treats” and both dogs relapsed. Hopefully more research will be done in Border Terriers in the future to better understand this disease.  

A quick note on food allergies, because you were wondering:

Food allergies occur when the immune system reacts inappropriately to proteins in the diet. Wheat allergies exist in both people¹ and pets (although animal proteins, like beef, more commonly cause allergies than grains in pets), but that is a huge topic for another time.

Needless to say, if your veterinarian has diagnosed your pet with wheat allergies using a strict elimination-provocation diet trial (REMEMBER: blood tests don’t work for diagnosing food allergies, so don’t waste your money!) then you must avoid wheat and potential cross-contamination.

There you have it. The truth about gluten.

So when would I avoid feeding gluten:  

• You happen to see a very rare case of gluten sensitive enteropathy in an Irish Setter puppy
• You are treating a Border Terrier that has been diagnosed with Epileptoid Cramping Syndrome
• A person in the household has been diagnosed with Celiac disease and wants to avoid all potential risk of being exposed to gluten

Until next time: Keep it balanced and keep it factual!

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^{1 Elli L, et al. Diagnosis of gluten related disorders: Celiac disease, wheat allergy and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21(23):7110-7119.}

^{2 The University of Chicago Medicine Celiac Disease Center webpage on Frequently Asked Questions: www.cureceliacdisease.org/faq/does-corn-contain-gluten/ [accessed July 8, 2017].}

3 Canadian Celiac Association webpage on About Celiac Disease: www.celiac.ca/?page_id=882 [accessed July 6, 2017].

4 Celiac Disease Foundation webpage on Sources of Gluten: celiac.org/live-gluten-free/glutenfreediet/sources-of-gluten/ [accessed July 6, 2017].

5 Raditic DM, et al.  ELISA testing for common food antigens in four dry dog foods used in dietary elimination trials. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011;95(1):90-97.

6 Willis-Mahn C, et al. ELISA testing for soy antigens in dry dog foods used in dietary elimination trials. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2014;50(6):383-389.

7 Canadian Celiac Association webpage on Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: www.celiac.ca/?page_id=883 [accessed July 6, 2017].

8 Guilford WG and Matz ME. The nutritional management of gastrointestinal tract disorders in companion animals. N Z Vet J 2003;51(6):284-291.

9 Daminet SC. Gluten-sensitive enteropathy in a family of Irish setters. Can Vet J 1996;37(12):745-6.

10 German A and Zentek J. The most common digestive diseases: the role of nutrition. In Encyclopedia of Canine Clinical Nutrition, eds. Pibot P, et al. Aniwa SAS 2006:92-133.

11 Lowrie M, et al. The Clinical and Serological Effect of a Gluten‐Free Diet in Border Terriers with Epileptoid Cramping Syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2015;29(6):1564–1568.

12 Mueller RS, et al. Critically appraised topic on adverse food reactions of companion animals (2): common food allergen sources in dogs and cats. BMC Vet Res 2016;12:9.

13 Olivry T, et al. Critically appraised topic on adverse food reactions of companion animals (1): duration of elimination diets. BMC Vet Res 2015;11:225.

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of the DrAndyRoark.com editorial team.